Amethyst: Quartz (SiO2) colored by irradiation, iron impurities, and trace elements.
Moss Agate: Quartz, with veins of manganese and iron oxides.
Opal and Black opal: Hydrated silica (SiO2*nH2O), colors due to light diffraction.
Tanzanite: Calcium Aluminum Hydroxyl Sorosilicate [(Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)) + (Cr,Sr)].
Tourmaline: Crystalline Borosilicate [(Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al,Cr, Fe,V)6(BO3)3(Si,Al,B)6O18(OH,F)4].
Prehnite: Calcium Aluminum Inosilicate [Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2], colored by iron impurities.
Turquoise: Hydrated Copper Aluminum Phosphate [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8ยท4H2O].
Apatite: Calcium Phosphate with chlorine, fluorine, and hydroxyl substitutions [Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl)2].
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Moss Agate: Quartz, with veins of manganese and iron oxides.
Opal and Black opal: Hydrated silica (SiO2*nH2O), colors due to light diffraction.
Tanzanite: Calcium Aluminum Hydroxyl Sorosilicate [(Ca2Al3(SiO4)(Si2O7)O(OH)) + (Cr,Sr)].
Tourmaline: Crystalline Borosilicate [(Ca,K,Na)(Al,Fe,Li,Mg,Mn)3(Al,Cr, Fe,V)6(BO3)3(Si,Al,B)6O18(OH,F)4].
Prehnite: Calcium Aluminum Inosilicate [Ca2Al(AlSi3O10)(OH)2], colored by iron impurities.
Turquoise: Hydrated Copper Aluminum Phosphate [CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8ยท4H2O].
Apatite: Calcium Phosphate with chlorine, fluorine, and hydroxyl substitutions [Ca10(PO4)6(OH,F,Cl)2].